(1.1) Production and diagnostics of ion beams and

(1.2) Catastrophic focusing and acceleration of ion beams.

Task (1.1) is devoted to the ion beams extracted from the M1 machine, within FAMA. The analysis of these beams will be performed in the C1 channel, within FAMA, with a high resolution emittance meter of the pepper-pot type. We shall measure the emittances of the hydrogen, helium, argon, xenon, boron, iron, zinc and lead ion beams.

Investigations within task (1.2) are connected to the electrostatic square and hexagonal rainbow lenses, their multiplets and the rainbow radiofrequency accelerator. In these devices the rainbow effect appears, which is a catastrophic effect.

(2.1) Nanostructural changes in silicon crystals induced by ion implantation,

(2.2) Trapping hydrogen isotopes in plasma facing materials in fusion nuclear reactors,

(2.3) Channeling of charged particles in crystals and nanotubes and

(2.4) Superfocusing of ions in crystals.

Task (2.1) comprises the investigations of (a) the changes of the concentration profiles of hydrogen and deuterium atoms implanted in silicon crystals induced with the high energy heavy ions, (b) the nanostructures in silicon crystals occurring as a result of the implantation of 4He+ ions of the energy of 20 keV, and (c) the process of implantation of high energy aluminum and nitrogen ions in the <100>, <110> and <111> channels of silicon crystals.

Task (2.2) includes the implantation of hydrogen and deuterium ions in metallic materials contained in the steels used to fabricate the plasma facing components of fusion nuclear reactors. These materials will be the single crystals of iron, chromium, tungsten, vanadium and titanium, and they will be irradiated with the helium ions before the implantation.

Within task (2.3) we shall (a) measure the crystal rainbow effect with 20Ne10+ ions of the energy of 40 MeV per nucleon and the <111> and <100> single crystals of silicon of the thicknesses between 0.5 and 1 ?m and model the corresponding interaction potential by catastrophe theory, and (b) calculate the spatial and angular distributions of positrons of the energies between 1 and 700 MeV channeled in the straight and bent (11, 9) carbon nanotubes.

Task (2.4) is devoted to the effect of superfocusing of protons of the energy of 2 MeV in the <100> channels of a silicon crystal and its application for subatomic microscopy, and to the same effect with 1 GeV protons and the <100> channels of a silicon crystal and its possible application in particle colliders.

(3.1) Influence of ion implantation on catalytic properties of carbon materials,

(3.2) Influence of surface groups on biocompatibility of carbon materials,

(3.3) Development of nanostructured carbon materials for supercapacitors,

(3.4) Nanomodification of steel surfaces with hard coatings and ion beams, and

(3.5) Analysis of materials with spectrometry of channeled and backscattered ions.

Within tasks (3.1) and (3.2) we shall explore the nanodefects formed in glassy carbon as a result of the implantation of the low energy boron, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and lithium ions and subsequent thermal treatment. The modified samples will be implanted into the soft and bone tissues of the experimental animals.

Taks (3.3) is devoted to studying the process of carbonization of the nanostructred polymer membranes obtained by irradiation with the high energy ions. The obtained glassy carbon membranes will undergo the additional ion implantation and chemical treatments.

Task (3.4) is devoted to exploring the process of forming the hard and superhard coatings on several steels by the techniques of ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD), ion bombarding and magnetron sputtering. We shall investigate within task (3.5) the new possibilities for application of the effect of ion superfocusing for determining the positions of foreign atoms in crystal channels, through the analysis of backscattered ions that have been previously channeled.

(4.1) Development of separation methods for obtaining radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals,

(4.2) Applications of nanoextraction and microextraction for analyzing and removing contaminants, and

(4.3) Development of electrochemical methods with electrodes from carbon materials.

Tasks (4.1) and (4.2) are based on using the supported liquid membranes. First of them is related to the radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), and the second one to the contaminants in the natural and waste waters.

Task (4.3) is based on using the electrodes made of glassy carbon modified with the low energy boron ions and the electrodes made of carbon nanotubes for analyzing the natural samples.

It is worth noting that the team that will realize the project will be reinforced by seven experienced researchers from Greece, Italy, Russia, Sweden, the UK and the USA, and nine experienced experts from five engineering and production companies from Serbia and Slovakia.

The main results expected in the realization of the tasks of the project are the following.

Task (1.1): The detailed description of the characteristic ion beams delivered by the M1 machine.

Task (1.2): The analyses of the possibility of focusing the ion beams from the M1 and M2 machines, within FAMA, with the electrostatic rainbow lenses, and of the possibility of their acceleration with the rainbow radiofrequency accelerator.

Task (2.1): The explanation of the mechanisms of (a) diffusion of the implanted hydrogen ions induced with the high energy heavy ions, (b) forming the silicon nanowires between the helium nanobubbles, and (c) implantation of the high energy aluminum and nitrogen ions in the major channels in singlecrystalline silicon.

Task (2.2): The detailed analysis of the influence of defects induced by the irradiation with helium ions on the properties of trapping hydrogen and deuterium ions in the metallic materials contained in certain steels.

Task (2.3): The precisely measured crystal rainbows with the high energy heavy ions transmitted through the very thin silicon single crystals and their successful modeling by the elliptic umbilic catastrophe and the X9 family of catastrophes, and the detailed calculation of the quantum mechanical effects in the spatial and angular distributions of positrons channeled in carbon nanotubes.

Task (2.4): The successful modeling of the effect of superfocusing of protons in the <100> channels of singlecrystalline silicon by the X9 family of catastrophes, and the initial analysis of the possibility of increasing the luminosity of a particle collider by a silicon single crystal placed in the center of its interaction region.

Tasks (3.1) and (3.2): The obtaining of the glassy carbon samples with the surface properties suitable for their applications as the electrode and biocompatible materials.

Task (3.3): The obtaining of the glassy carbon membranes with the very high specific capacity.

Task (3.4): The developing of the technology for deposition of nanocomposite coatings on certain steels exhibiting low friction coefficient and high wear resistance.

Task (3.5): The precise determination of the positions of iron atoms implanted in the silicon crystal using the effect of superfocusing of protons in the crystal channels.

Task (4.1): The development of the technological procedure for obtaining radionuclide ⁶⁴Cu for labeling peptides, whose parts can be used for developing new radiopharmaceuticals based on ¹⁸F and ¹²⁴I.

Task (4.2): The detailed analysis of the mass transfer through the polymer membranes with micropores, obtained by irradiating the polymers with the high energy heavy ions.

Task (4.3): The development of the fast and sensitive methods for determining the presence of pesticides, medicines and heavy metals in natural samples.

The research within task (1.1) is important for all the user groups of FAMA, since it enables the precise planning and performing of their experiments. It should be emphasized that the M1 machine is an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, and that there is a lack of published data about ion beams extracted from such sources. Hence, our results will be very useful for a number of research groups using such ion beams worldwide.

The research within task (1.2) is relevant because it is completely original and should induce the development of a new type of ion lens and a new type of linear accelerator in the period upon completing the realization of the project. This should be followed by the experimental checking of the obtained theoretical results in the period upon the realization of the project.

The experiments within task (2.1) will be performed with the ion beams within FAMA, from the IC-100 Cyclotron, in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia(link to http://www.jinr.ru/), and from the T11 tandem accelerator, in the National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece. Their results can (a) contribute to improving the process of obtaining the thin-silicon-on-isolator structures, (b) open the way to obtaining the silicon nanowires with large length-to-diameter ratios, and (c) point out at new possibilities of forming the d-type and isolation layers in silicon. Their aim is to improve the present semiconductor technologies.

The experiments within task (2.2) will be performed with the ion beams within FAMA. Their relevance lies in the fact that a successful solving the problem of tritium ion trapping in the components of fusion nuclear reactors exposed to plasma is indispensable for minimizing the radiation activation of these components. This problem will be one of the main problems during the operation of such a facility.

The experiment within task (2.3) will be performed with the ion beam from the U-400M Cyclotron, in the Joint Institute. Its results are important because they will demonstrate the possibilities of using the crystal rainbow effect for focusing and guiding ion beams. Also, they should open the way toward the classification of crystal channels by catastrophe theory, being a general theory of models. The theoretical results that will be obtained in the realization of this task should point out to the possibilities of using the channeled positrons for the characterization of carbon nanotubes, and to contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes of guiding the beams of charged particles with carbon nanotubes and of forming the nano-sized beams.

The results that will be obtained within task (2.4) will represent a significant step forward in developing the subatomic microscopy based on the effect of superfocusing of channeled ions. This microscopy is based on the fact that it is possible to focus the proton beam within the region of the radius considerably below the Bohr radius, and thus reach the picometer resolution. We have already demonstrated that it is possible to measure the cross-section for the process of proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) as a function of the proton impact parameter within a foreign atom implanted in a crystal channel. The results to be obtained within this task will also represent the first step in developing the accelerator technology based on the same effect that could enable a considerable increase of the operation efficiency of a particle collider.

The experiments within tasks (3.1)-(3.3) will be performed with the ion beams within FAMA and from the IC-100 Cyclotron, in the Joint Institute (Dubna, Russia). They are directed toward the use of modified carbon materials for fabricating the electrodes of fuel cells, which are used for the efficient energy conversion, the biocompatible implants, which are successfully used in medicine and stomatology, and the electrodes of supercapacitors, which are used for the exceptionally fast and efficient energy storage. It should be noted that a typical cycle life of a supercapacitor, being an electrostatic rather than a chemical element, is several hundred thousand cycles.

The technology to be developed during the realization of task (3.4) will be applicable for fabricating the high-quality bearings, tools for casting and tools for cold plastic deforming. Within this task we shall also design and fabricate a device for testing heavy loaded bearings. The experiment within task (3.5) will be performed with the proton beam from the M3 machine in the C5 channel, within FAMA. It is relevant because it represents a step forward in developing the Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS).

The research within task (4.1) is important for developing new radiopharmaceuticals for PET, which define the main course of advancement of today's nuclear medicine. Namely, PET is the diagnostic technique that gives the most precise images of the vital processes and functions of tissues and organs. It is used mostly in oncology but also in neurology, cardiology and psychiatry. These investigations would be continued with the cyclotron and other equipment to be installed in the H4 building of TAI, in which the routine production of radiopharmaceuticals for PET should be established. Thus, we have an excellent chance to use the project to influence strongly the development of nuclear medicine in Serbia and the surrounding countries.

The results that will be obtained in the realization of tasks (4.2) and (4.3) are relevant for following the status and removing the contaminants from the natural samples and waste waters. The applications of the resulting analytical methods can contribute to the preservation of the environment.

Subproject (1) includes the applied research directed toward the fabrication of devices for ion beam focusing and acceleration.

Subproject (2) comprises the basic and applied research connected to improving the present semiconductor technologies and solving the problem of radiation activation of the components of fusion nuclear reactors, and the basic research directed toward the development of techniques of guiding charged particle beams.

Subproject (3) comprises the basic and applied research connected to the development and fabrication of fuel cells, medical and stomatological implants and supercapacitors, the applied and developmental research directed toward the fabrication of long-lasting tools and devices for testing heavy loaded bearings, and the applied research directed toward the further development of a technique for analysis of materials.

Subproject (4) includes the applied and developmental research connected to the production of new radiopharmaceuticals for PET and efficient analysis of natural samples and purification of waste waters.

CORUN, Užice, with four experts
Kovačević-Engineering, Banatski Karlovac, with two experts
Nuclear Object of Serbia, Belgrade, with one expert
ELEX Commerce, Belgrade, with one expert
BIONT, Bratislava, Slovakia, with one expert
These nine experts will accompany the team that will realize the project as the advisors. Their role will be to help our team direct the research within the tasks they are interested in toward their production programs.

Company CORUN is connected to task (3.4). It has the modern presses, lathes and grinders for steels as well as the modern equipment for deposition of coatings on steels.

Company Kovacevic-Engineering is also connected to task (3.4). It has the modern melting furnaces, casting machines, thermal treatment furnaces, lathes and millers for steels.

Company Nuclear Objects of Serbia is connected to task (3.5). This task comprises the experiments that will be performed with the strict application of the appropriate radiation protection regulations. The company is engaged in solving the problems of used nuclear fuel and radioactive waste in Serbia.

Company ELEX Commerce is connected to task (4.1). The realization of this task should be continued with the cyclotron to be installed in the H4 building of TAI. This company is engaged in the designing and fabrication of stations for production of radionuclides and modules for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals.

Company BIONT is also connected to task (4.1). It has a small isochronous cyclotron that gives the proton beam of the energy of 18 MeV and the other equipment enabling the routine production of radiopharmaceuticals for PET and single photon emission tomography (SPET). The company also has a PET camera, a SPET camera and a small PET camera, for experimental animals.

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(2) S. Petrović, M. Eric, M. Kokkoris and N. Nešković, Gompertz type dechanneling functions for protons in <100>, <110> and <111> Si crystal channels, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 256 (2007) 177-181.

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(4) D. Borka, S. Petrović, N. Nešković, D. J. Mowbray, and Z. L. Mišković, Influence of the dynamical image potential on the rainbows in ion channeling through short carbon nanotubes, Physical Review A 73 (2006) 062902-1-7.

(5) N. Nešković, S. Petrović, and D. Borka, Superfocusing of channeled protons and crystal rainbows, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 267 (2009) 2616-2620.

(6) V. Nikolić, A. Krklješ, Z. Kacarević-Popović, Z. Laušević and Š. Miljanić, On the use of gamma irradiation crosslinked PVA membranes in hydrogen fuel cells, Electrochemistry Communications 9 (2007) 2661-2665.

(7) M. Vukcević, A. Kalijadis, S. Dimitrijević-Branković, Z. Laušević and M. Laušević, Surface characteristics and antibacterial activity of a silver-doped carbon monolith, Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 9 (2008) 015006-1-7.

(8) B. Škorić, D. Kakaš and A. Miletić, Characterization of hard coatings modified with nitrogen implantation, Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (2010) 1027-1036.

(9) K. Kumrić, T. Trtić-Petrović, E. Koumarianou, S. Archimandritis and J. J. Comor, Supported liquid membrane extraction of 177Lu(III) with DEHPA and its application for purification of 177Lu-DOTA-lanreotide, Separation and Purification Technology 51 (2006) 310-317.

(10) T. Trtić-Petrović, J. Ðordević, N. Dujaković, K. Kumrić, T. Vasiljević and M. Laušević, Determination of selected pesticides in environmental water by employing liquid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 397 (2010) 2233-2243.